Showing posts with label 8P24 Blog. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 8P24 Blog. Show all posts

2016/04/01

News, Undone


          It was a bad day for umbrellas. That is apparently the best headline that Ontario's 4th largest paid circulation newspaper could come up with. Is this an April Fools' joke? Please tell me it is.

          Articles like this are the reason media literacy is part of the Ontario Language Curriculum. The objective of "helping students develop the skills required to understand, create, and critically interpret media texts" is that they will become informed and responsible citizens and consumers of media in an age where information is readily accessible and extremely transient.

          How can it be that a few broken umbrellas on a windy day take precedence over the abysmal living conditions in First Nations communities, spilled industrial waste leaking into city sewers, or the growing need for youth mental health services?


2015/12/04

Hulton Archive / Getty Images


      When Martin Luther King Jr. took the stage at the Lincoln Memorial in August of 1963 he created magic. The text read as a simple ideological proclamation, but was transformed into a passionate awakening for America channeled through King’s voice. However, what many people do not know is that King’s bold “Dream” was not part of his prepared dialogue [1]. Prompted by a friend, he pushed his scripts aside and began a prophetic rhetoric that would become the most iconic speech of 20th century American history [2].


     King’s skills as an orator were certainly notable, but by 1963 he had nearly a decade of practice honing his skills through his sermons as a Baptist minister, so it is hardly surprising that he was able to ad lib such an eloquent dénouement. Practice makes perfect, they say. Unfortunately for the majority of people, glossophobia, or the fear of public speaking, is more powerful than the fear of death itself [3]. As a result, we avoid public speaking whenever possible, and we get nervous or flustered and experience social anxiety when required to speak in front of an audience. And though “social” media and technology have made communication easier than ever, there is a growing trend among young people to avoid speaking not only in front of audiences, but on the phone as well [4].


     Despite our reservations as a society to partake in any form of public oratory, it is still a skill expected of elementary level students in Ontario. The oral communication strand of the Grade 1-8 Language curriculum stipulates that students will learn skills such as demonstrating an understanding of appropriate speaking behaviour in most situations [5].Unfortunately for our students, appropriate speaking behaviour in most situations does not involve remaining mute or opting to text instead. We must therefore find a way in which to engage students in exploring the intricacies of oral texts despite the fact they may be hesitant to do so.


     The first problem we may encounter in our goal to teach oral communication to students is that many of us have reservations about public speaking ourselves. How then might we model appropriate and effective speaking strategies when we may have a limited mastery of such skills? One possible method is through the use of podcasts---short audio segments that typically feature an oral text on a very specific topic for a target audience. While podcasts have existed for over a decade, exposure of the medium has been relatively limited, with only half of Americans claiming to know what podcasting was in 2015 despite consistent growth in listeners year after year [6]. Podcasts remain a niche market, however they have great potential for use in education.


     First and foremost podcasts are a wealth of oral texts that are often freely available and can be accessed from a computer or handheld device, with the option of saving the files for use offline. With over 250,000 unique podcasts in over 100 languages, there are over a billion podcast subscriptions through iTunes alone [7]. This vast resource could be leveraged to differentiate to any student interest in order to assess listening skills, and could even be used as a cross-curricular learning activity. Podcasts would also be particularly useful for auditory learners and might be a means of including English language learners by having them practice listening skills in native languages and reflecting on them in English.


     Listening to podcasts would help students reflect on effective speaking strategies, which they could then employ in making their own podcasts. Audio recording software and apps are easily accessible and straightforward to use, and would allow students to explore speaking to a variety of purposes without the social pressures of performing in front of their peers. Recordings would also allow an opportunity for self reflection, as students would be able to listen to their own work in order to adjust their speaking strategies.


     While podcasts remain a niche market to the average American, there is an extraordinary amount of potential for their use in today’s classroom. Oral communication is an endangered part of our society that could be directly addressed in an accessible, inclusive, and engaging way through podcasts. Let’s stop being afraid of one of the most human traits and give our children the chance they deserve to become effective speakers.


[1] http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2013/08/27/public-speaking-how-mlk-improvised-second-half-of-dream-speech/
[2] http://news.wisc.edu/releases/3504.html
[3] https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-real-story-risk/201211/the-thing-we-fear-more-death
[4] http://www.businessinsider.com/conquer-your-fear-of-the-phone-2015-5
[5] https://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/elementary/language18currb.pdf
[6] http://pewrsr.ch/1zbGpBG
[7] http://www.macworld.com/article/2044958/apple-one-billion-itunes-podcast-subscriptions-and-counting.html

2015/11/14

twhearts.gif


      A finger double-taps against a screen, leaving it aflutter with tiny hearts. Likes are the niceties of the 21st century, a tip of a hat in an impersonal world. But despite the introduction of the Facebook Like button in 2009, attempts to broaden our online emotional range have been met with resistance. Only recently did Facebook announce consideration of a Dislike button [1], however this sentiment was quickly abandoned as Mark Zuckerberg did not feel that it was “good for the world” that people be able to express free speech in his domain [2].


      Shortly after Facebook recanted on their dislike button a peculiar thing happened on Twitter. After nine years of constancy, the ability to save favourites was removed. Gold stars were replaced by pink little hearts, and our “favourites” now became our “likes.” Users were irate---the connotation of all of our saved tweets had changed overnight. No longer had you simply filed away certain tweets into your favourites for future reference, you had now liked them, regardless of context.


Marking a tweet as "liked" may not always feel appropriate.

      So why would Twitter alienate its audience? A press release by the company claimed that the hearts are more expressive and universal [3], however the grim reality is that Twitter is falling behind other social media platforms [4]. Growth and user retention are low [5,6,7], and Twitter’s user base has recently been overtaken by Facebook’s brain-child Instagram [8,9].


      Low user retention statistics say a lot about Twitter---it’s unforgiving---and the lack of a Like button has been instrumental in shaping what it is today. Facebook offers up Likes as “an easy way to let people know that you enjoy [something] without leaving a comment” [10], thereby actively discouraging meaningful interaction, while on Instagram Likes for Likes is its own hashtag where Likes are traded as currency. Twitter on the other hand has never handed out participation awards to its users. Users are rewarded by users for the creation of valuable content or conversation, and it is for this very reason that many people have trouble fully embracing Twitter as a platform.


      Despite its social awkwardness, Twitter continues to top charts as a resource for content creators [11,12], catering particularly to writers [13]. While a 140-character limit might seem constricting to some, it is the concise nature of a tweet that makes it so effective. The details that are included, or in some cases excluded, define interactions on Twitter. Unlike Facebook, Twitter has never relied on Likes as a means by which to avoid the act of writing. Words have always been the currency of Twitter, and this is what makes it such a great tool in education.


The impact of a tweet can depend on what is omitted.

      A tweet is the perfect vessel for which students to boil down an idea into its basic components---perspective, context, and purpose---in order to communicate it effectively. However, it is not always possible for a single tweet to contain all of the pertinent information to an argument. Students must therefore develop an understanding of the different aspects of writing in order to be able to choose which is most beneficial to their purpose.


      Twitter goes much deeper than the shallow practice of simply liking posts and having posts liked. Sometimes the most effective tweets are the ones that completely forgo all punctuation in order to add an extra adverb, sometimes they use up characters on line breaks, and sometimes the inclusion of a hashtag completely inverts the sentiment of a tweet. Twitter is an endless collaborative conversation that hinges on open dialogue rather than positive reinforcement, and it is a great environment for students to hone their skills as writers.


Variations on a writing prompt.

      In addition to being a tool for students to develop writing and communication skills, Twitter also has vast resources for inquiry for both educators and students. Hashtags are a convenient way to categorize and research posts in a particular field. Numerous hashtags exist where teachers can share with like-minded individuals and explore resources, however Twitter itself is a vast informational resource. Teachers might ask students to explore information related to a certain hashtag, use a tweet as a writing prompt for an activity, or condense a critique into 140 characters or less, and could even write learning goals and expectations as tweets to match.

      Twitter can be a valuable resource for teachers of digital learners. It is a means of making literacy collaborative, and engaging social media in a responsible manner. It emphasizes the creation and curation of the written word through uncompromising and concise character limits. And above all else, it is a platform that is built around the idea that we all want to have meaningful interactions with one another. People have a great emotive range that goes well beyond superficial pink hearts tapped out an app. Let us empower our students as writers by letting them explore the most social of social media, and if it doesn’t work out they can always just tweet little pink heart emojis.



2015/10/30


God is dead. 

          This famous statement coined by Freidrich Nietzsche [1] seems no more complex than the words "the cat is black," however the simplicity of the phrasing betrays the deeper implications of the claim. For such reasons a variety of tools and algorithms have emerged that are intended to assess text difficulty for readers, but there is little agreement on what factors to examine in doing so.

          A cursory exploration of online text assessment tools [2,3] indicates that Nietzsche's bold statement is accessible to children at a grade one reading comprehension level. While it may be easy to dismiss these tools as unreliable, the claim grammatically utilizes the nominative case (eg. I am, it is), which is amongst the simplest of language conventions [4]. It therefore begs the question of how we might assess the difficulty of a particular text for an audience.

          Factors such as vocabulary, word and sentence length [5], and the inclusion of diagrams and images are often considered to play a role in reader comprehension, and are considered surface features of a text. From these elements one might understand how an objective algorithm could mislabel the death of God as an idea accessible to children---the vocabulary is familiar, the words and sentence short, and the structure is linear. Clearly when it comes to reading comprehension, the whole is indeed greater than the sum of its parts [6].

          If generic text assessment tools cannot be relied upon as to provide accurate measures of difficulty, we must look beyond the surface features of our written language to establish meaning. While there is no firm consensus on what we might examine, the deeper features of a text are generally considered to be comprised of aspects such as ideation, organization, and structure [7]. These characteristics vary greatly between texts, and ultimately the perceived difficulty is subjective based on the prior experiences of the reader. For example, today's digital learner may have picked up on my use of the universally lambasted font Comic Sans in the lead image of this article, possibly calling into question whether any part of this analysis was ever written in earnest.

Warners Bros. Pictures, 1983 (Accessed 2015-10-28 http://www.teachwithmovies.org/guides/outsiders.html)

Stay gold, Ponyboy. 

          If reader experiences can dictate success in comprehension, it seems obvious that we might choose texts that complement classroom demographics. This however is not simple in practice as each student's background will dictate their vocabulary [8], knowledge, and identity [9], as well as their interests and motivations for reading [10]. While we are unable to choose our students based on which texts we wish to study, educators have the ability to differentiate instruction by providing access to a variety of texts in the classroom.

          There is however one caveat with regard to diversifying our classroom texts, and it is that we do not use it as an excuse for students to avoid unfamiliar resources entirely. For example, a student originating from outside of North America might have difficulty identifying with teenage gang fights in The Outsiders, and could find the story less meaningful as a result. But just as the merit of science fiction and fantasy genres should not be immediately dismissed simply because they pose vocabulary and contexts that are unfamiliar to students, we cannot always allow students to avoid texts from an unfamiliar background. That said, providing a diverse selection of texts in the classroom will not only help engage students, but will also promote exploration and literacy.

         Differentiated instruction and educational technology are both huge movements in education today, but how might we consolidate the two concepts to assess text difficulty in a meaningful manner? Unfortunately for educators, the two ideas remain largely exclusive. Algorithms might still be useful in skimming the surface features of a text, but beyond this a teacher must make a comprehensive action plan in order to set out differentiation and expectations. All in all, text assessment comes down to what has always been the most important factor in teaching: simply knowing your students and understanding their needs.

[1] Nietzsche, F. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Oxford University Press, 2005.
[2] https://readability-score.com/
[3] http://read-able.com/
[4] Wheelock F. M. Wheelock's Latin Grammar. 4th ed., revised. New York : Harper Collins, 1992.
[5] Hiebert, E.H., Pearson, P.D. An Examination of Current Text Difficulty Indices With Early Reading Texts. University of California, Santa Cruz, 2010.
[6] Interestingly, this could be a misquote of psychologist Kurt Koffka. Whole can be seen as a mistranslation of the original other.
[7] Murphy, S. Assessing Text Difficulty for Students. Research Monograph #44, January 2013.
[8] Johnston, P. Prior Knowledge and Reading Comprehension Test Bias. Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 1984.
[9] Fox, E. The Role of Reader Characteristics in Processing and Learning from Informational Text. Review of Educational Research, 79, 2009.
[10] Applegate, A.J., & Applegate, M. D. A Study of Thoughtful Literacy and the Motivation to Read. The Reading Teacher, 64, 2010.

2015/10/28

This post was adapted from the first blog post dealing with literacy through photography. I felt the previous version was somewhat technical and I wanted to attempt writing the post again, but instead taking a more subjective view of the issue based on my own experiences. 


          The word processor is dead, long live the word processor! It seems strange to me that in a world of constant technological evolution, that a tool designed to replace typewriters remains relatively unchanged more than 40 years later. We talk extensively in education about blended learning and integrating technology into the classroom, but there seems to be a disconnect when it comes to the idea of literacy. Assessment too often focuses on the plain written word---creative and persuasive documents alike are encoded to .docx or .pdf formats to be submitted online under the guise of employing technology in the classroom, and student learning styles are quickly forgotten in the process.

          Differentiation in the classroom is not a new concept, but the ideas have only started to gain traction recently. I differentiated my own learning experience in high school and university by avoiding essays like the plague, and I haven't written one in over twelve years. That means that since the last time I wrote an essay there have been children that were born and are now writing essays themselves. So how do we reach students like me that would rather have missed an assignment, skipped school, or switched out of a class to avoid assessments they are uncomfortable with? How can we supplement our antiquated word processor in order to help students learn in the 21st century?


          The Ontario language curriculum makes frequent mentions of how photo essays might be used in the classroom, however something peculiar happens at the grade eight level: complex text and imagery are suddenly treated as divergent topics, and all mentions of photo essays are dropped entirely. Children grow up first learning to read from picture books, drawing meaning from images and connecting them to the words on the page, but later this practice is abandoned for walls of text of increasing complexity.

          But what of more complex images? Encouraging students to analyze and interpret aspects of photographs such as audience, purpose, and perspective will give them the ability to move forward with a more objective view and will translate into a more self aware and responsible environment in which students engage culture and society through images.

          Beyond the intellectual practice of analysis, photographs also provide many ways for differentiation in the classroom. Photography is an excellent tool for engaging visual learners and student creativity. It allows a unique opportunity for students to construct meaning in a medium other than text, a practice which could be particularly useful for students that are not native speakers of a language, or that require accommodations on written work.

          Too long; didn't read. It is a phrase that has become commonplace online, highlighting our disinterest in the written word. While aliteracy is not something new to our society---Orwell wrote on the subject nearly 70 years ago---there seems to be a collective ignorance about what this means for the future of education. Students may continue to write essays, but for the vast majority of learners there must exist an alternative to the long-form constraints of traditional education.

          Here in the digital age, we have access to photographs of almost every person, place, and event that exists in our world. Social media has become inundated with pictures, and platforms such as Instagram and Snapchat are now primary channels of communication for many young people. We therefore need to leverage this vast new resource not only to fulfill the expectations of the media literacy strand of the curriculum, but to promote student literacy and the responsible use of technology in all areas of education. Students have taken the initiative to differentiate how they express themselves, and the least we could do is try to meet them halfway.


2015/10/11

Widener, Jeff. #161188472478. Associated Press, 5 June 1989.

Boy on Beach

          A lone protester stands defiantly in the street, a standoff with a pillar of military tanks. The image makes a powerful impression, an immediate statement on power, control, and freedom, buzzwords of every 21st century political campaign. Tank Man, as he is sometimes referred to, has never been identified. A faceless man carrying a shopping bag, this iconic image is the embodiment of the protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989. A revolt against government corruption and control, he stands as a symbol to the world, the only context for events otherwise shrouded by a government obsessed with secrecy.

          Looking at this photograph we never get the impression that this man is any more than your every day citizen, caught in the midst of a shopping trip by a parade of tanks. His casual dress at odds with the formal military deployment ahead of him, he reaches us not through words, not through actions, but by providing a context for events. This is not a tank charge on enemy forces---the opposition is armed with nothing more than a shopping bag---and the show of force is grotesque to the onlooker.

New Horizons

          Jeff Widener's iconic image was snapped as Soviet powers were dissolving and the Cold War was coming to an end. It was a time of rapid globalization and incredible technological advances, and with this information traveled faster than ever. Ten years later, Nikon would antiquate Widener's FE2 with the release of their first digital reflex camera [1], ushering in a new age of communication.

          In the digital age, media literacy has become more important than ever. With over 700 million images uploaded to Facebook and Snapchat each day [2], photographs comprise a significant portion of the information we process. Such trends are particularly important among the 12-17 year age demographic, where an estimated 62% of teens are active Instagram users [3]. This marks a critical moment for education, as the majority of students entering high school begin to adopt new forms of communication without the tools to use them.

          Student use of imaging devices is particular precarious when discussing privacy concerns, and more specifically, the issue of sexting. 2% of grade 7 students are reported to have sent a sext, a number which increases ten-fold by the end of high school [4]. Student abuse of technology is frequent, and only likely to become worse unless a responsible attitude toward these new horizons is fostered.

Literacy Through Photography

          Images such as Tank Man challenge our interpretation of photographs. The viewer is responsible for constructing meaning from objects, symbols, composition, and emotions, and these skills align favourably with the Media Literacy strand of the Ontario Language curriculum.

          Engaging students through imagery is not a new idea. It is something that is done in every child's formative years by using picture books to draw connections and interpret stories. Unfortunately, this habit trails off as students begin to comprehend more complex streams of text. But what of more complex images? Encouraging students to analyze and interpret aspects of photographs such as audience, purpose, and perspective will give them the ability to move forward with a more objective view and will translate into a more self aware and responsible environment in which students engage culture and society through images.

          But beyond the intellectual practice of analysis, photographs also provide many ways for differentiation in the classroom. Photography is an excellent tool for engaging visual learners and student creativity. It allows a unique opportunity for students to construct meaning in a medium other than text, a practice which could be particularly useful for students that are not native speakers of a language, or that require accommodations on written work.

          Here in the digital age, we have access to photographs of almost every person, place, and event that exists in our world. Social media has become inundated with pictures, and acronymns such as "tl;dr" exist, meaning "too long; didn't read." We therefore need to leverage this vast new information resource to promote student literacy. Students cannot abuse technology unless they use technology, and it is our responsibility to teach them how.

2015/09/19

Literacy Through Photography

http://www.edutopia.org/blog/literacy-through-photography-for-ells-tabitha-dellangelo

What?
This resource is a blog post about why a teacher might want to incorporate photography into a lesson plan. It is linked at the URL above. It is a text-driven resource and has no additional media elements (videos, sound clips, etc) aside from an accompanying photo that is simply for headline purposes.

So What?
I chose this resource primarily because of my interest in photography. Incorporating elements of both art and science, I have always thought that photography can be a useful tool for starting conversation and developing ideas. The potential merits of photography as a resource are given in the article and include: it is a way of providing differentiated learning, it incorporates media for student analysis beyond typical print, and is a culturally responsive and inclusive teaching method.
The blog gives examples of how photography can be used in understanding media
-As a way of providing focus to their work and ideas
-To analyze materials such as portraits, in order to discuss how image might affect perception
-For critical analysis of geography, such as a place or time, and therefore context the image was produced in
-As a discussion of perspective
-To tell a story
Incorporation of photography would allow students to meet curriculum expectations as it would allow them to produce and critique a new media resource and allow for a new understanding of how media can reflect meaning.

What now?
Photography might be used as a resource in a teaching practicum by having students find and discuss images in magazines and their meaning. Alternatively, images could be provided by the teacher without context and students could be asked to explore possible ideas and perspectives for each photo. Students could also develop a series of photographs to illustrate a story or specific theme, as imagery can often be more powerful a means of expression for certain topics (social, cultural, etc).
A caution to teachers would be that photos should not be taken of students for privacy reasons, and therefore students must be monitored closely if they are to be allowed to take photos for the purpose of storytelling and discussion.